What do microarray experiments tell us about my favorite annotated and unannotated yeast gene?

This page was produced as an assignment for an undergraduate course at Davidson College.

 

Purpose

The purpose of this page is to explore how our annotated and unannotated genes are expressd by using microarray data.  Our ultimate mission is to try and decipher what possible roles our two genes may play based on the microarray expression data.

 

Experiments that have been performed using microarray technology and will be used to examine my two genes

1-Expression response to increasing alpha factor concentration  (alpha factor is a mating pheromone)

2-Expression response to alpha factor over time

3-Expression response during a diauxic shift

            A diauxic shift is when cells continue to divide as glucose concentration decreases.

4-Expression during the cell cycle

5-Expression during sporulation

6-Expression during histone depletion

            The histone depleted was one found in nucleosomes.

7-Expression during environmental changes

8-Expression in wildtype and mec1 mutants when subjected to damaging agents

            Mec1 is a gene involved in a damage signaling pathway.  Mec1 was deleted in mec1 mutatnts.

 

All figures will use the following scale:

Scale : (fold repression/induction)


 

SGS1-My annotated yeast gene

            As was explained in the second web site, SGS1 codes for a DNA helicase. Frei et al. (1999) propose that SGS1 interacts with RNA polymerase II during rRNA transcription.  McVey et al. (2001) suggest that SGS1 also plays a role in the cell cycle at the G1 stage and the G2/M checkpoint. Yamagata et al. (1998) suggest that SGS 1 prevents chromosome missegregation.

In microarray experiments SGS1 often clusters with gene for RNA Polymerase transcription factors, genes involved in chromosome segregation, and genes involved in cell cycle checkpoints.

 

A Look At the Data

 

Figure 1 Genes that had similar expression patterns when compared to SGS1 during a diauxic shift

Orf

 

Gene

 

 

Process

 

Function

 

Component

YMR190C

 

SGS1

 

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YGR104C

 

SRB5

 

 

transcription, from Pol II promoter

 

RNA polymerase II transcription mediator

 

mediator complex

YLR281C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YIL141W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YMR162C

 

DNF3

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YBR300C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YCR073C

 

SSK22

 

 

protein amino acid phosphorylation*

 

MAP kinase kinase kinase

 

cellular_component unknown

YKL042W

 

SPC42

 

 

microtubule nucleation*

 

structural protein of cytoskeleton

 

outer plaque of spindle pole body*

YPR010C

 

RPA135

 

 

transcription, from Pol I promoter

 

DNA-directed RNA polymerase I

 

DNA-directed RNA polymerase I

YPR031W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YLR131C

 

ACE2

 

 

G1-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle

 

transcriptional activator

 

nucleus*

YPL167C

 

REV3

 

 

DNA repair*

 

zeta DNA polymerase

 

nucleus

YLL032C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YNL140C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YCL021W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

YGR098C

 

ESP1

 

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YHR065C

 

RRP3

 

 

mRNA splicing*

 

ATP dependent RNA helicase

 

nucleolus

YMR103C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YLR091W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YOR109W

 

INP53

 

 

not yet annotated

 

inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate 5-phosphatase

 

not yet annotated

YDR157W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

Table taken from SGD Expression Connection data base at the the following link:

http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=SGS1&noSearch=1

 

During a diauxic shift SGS1 was repressed.  SGS1 clustered with SRB5, a RNA Pol II transcription mediator, and ACE2, a G1-specific transcription activator.  These support the findings that SGS1 is involved in RNA polymerase II transcription and is active in the G1 cell cycle stage.


 

Figure 2 Genes that had similar expression patterns to SGS1 at different alpha-factor concentrations

Orf

 

Gene

 

 

Process

 

Function

 

Component

YMR190C

 

SGS1

 

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YOR161C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YDR240C

 

SNU56

 

 

mRNA splicing

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YER081W

 

SER3

 

 

serine biosynthesis

 

phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase

 

cellular_component unknown

YEL023C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YLR437C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YOR246C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YDR130C

 

FIN1

 

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YDR182W

 

CDC1

 

 

mating (sensu Saccharomyces)*

 

molecular_function unknown

 

cell

YDL058W

 

USO1

 

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YLR380W

 

CSR1

 

 

cell wall organization and biogenesis

 

molecular_function unknown

 

cellular_component unknown

YML085C

 

TUB1

 

 

mitotic chromosome segregation*

 

structural protein of cytoskeleton

 

spindle pole body*

YCR034W

 

FEN1

 

 

fatty acid biosynthesis*

 

molecular_function unknown

 

endoplasmic reticulum membrane

YBR037C

 

SCO1

 

 

protein complex assembly*

 

molecular_function unknown

 

mitochondrial inner membrane

YDR201W

 

SPC19

 

 

microtubule nucleation

 

structural protein of cytoskeleton

 

spindle pole body

YFL037W

 

TUB2

 

 

mitotic chromosome segregation*

 

structural protein of cytoskeleton

 

spindle pole body*

YGR108W

 

CLB1

 

 

regulation of CDK activity*

 

G2/M-specific cyclin

 

cellular_component unknown

YCR070W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

YGL112C

 

TAF60

 

 

transcription initiation, from Pol II promoter*

 

general RNA polymerase II transcription factor

 

TFIID complex*

YBR124W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YDR146C

 

SWI5

 

 

G1-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle

 

transcriptional activator

 

nucleus*

Table taken from SGD Expression Connection data base at the the following link:

http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=SGS1&noSearch=1

 

 

SGS1 was slightly repressed as alpha concentration reached a concentration of 5-15.8 nm.  Then expression reuturned to a no change condition as the concentration continued to increase.  The above table shows that SGS1 clustered with TAF60, a Pol II transcription factor and with SWI5, a G1 specific transcriptional activator.  SGS1 also clustered with TUB1 and TUB2, which are both involved in chromosome segregation, and CLB1, which is involved in the cell cylce G2/M checkpoint. These findings also support the hypothesis proposed by Frei, McVey, and Yagamata that SGS1 is involved in rRNA transcription and cell division.


 

Figure 3 SGS1 expression during various phases of the cell cylce

 

Name

Score

Peak

SGS1

0.923

 

Reference Genes

 

CLN2

10.9

G1

HTA1

10.68

S

CLB4

3.08

G2

SWI5

6.726

M

ASH1

11.8

M/G1

 

 

 

 

Plot of SGS1 (YMR190C)

Table taken from SGD Expression Connection data base at the the following link:

http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=SGS1&noSearch=1

 

 

This microarray data set indicate that SGS1 in repressed and induced at varying points in the cell cycle.  This supports the hypothesis that SGS1 is involved in cell cycle checkpoints.  However SGS1 did not have a high enough score for the database to cluster it with genes expressing similar patterns during the cell cylce.  This is interesting since SGS1 is believed to play a role in the cell cycle.


 

 

Figure 4 Genes that clustered with SGS1 during histone depletion

 

Orf

 

Gene

 

 

Process

 

Function

 

Component

YMR190C

 

SGS1

 

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YMR148W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YMR192W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YIR031C

 

DAL7

 

 

allantoin catabolism

 

malate synthase

 

peroxisomal matrix

YGR266W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YHR035W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YML005W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YHR078W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YMR136W

 

GAT2

 

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YJL142C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YGL128C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YGL185C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YMR129W

 

POM152

 

 

mRNA-nucleus export*

 

structural protein

 

nuclear pore*

YMR006C

 

PLB2

 

 

not yet annotated

 

Lysophospholipase

 

not yet annotated

YDR073W

 

SNF11

 

 

chromatin modeling

 

non-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor

 

nucleosome remodeling complex

YOR343C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YIL084C

 

SDS3

 

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YIR007W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YCL004W

 

PGS1

 

 

not yet annotated

 

CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase

 

not yet annotated

YDR265W

 

PEX10

 

 

peroxisome organization and biogenesis

 

molecular_function unknown

 

cellular_component unknown

YLR132C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

Table taken from SGD Expression Connection data base at the the following link:

http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=SGS1&noSearch=1

 

 

SGS1 was first repressed at time 0 and then was induced after 2-4 hours of histone depletion.  The histone depleted in this experiment is found in the nucleosomes.  This suggests that SGS1 is somehow regulated by the deletion of histones found in nucleosomes.


Putting it all together

            SGS1 seems to cluster with transcription factors that regulate the cell cycle, specifically SWI5 and ACE2.  However when SGS1 was compared to the cell cycle microarray data, it did not score a high enough score to be clustered with other genes that were determined to regulate the cell cycle.  These seem to be two contradictory reports that should be explored further.  Perhaps SGS1 does not elicit a response that reaches the threshold set in the cell cycle experiment.  SGS1 also clustered with polymerase II transcription factors.  This supports the current hypothesis that SGS1 is involved in rRNA transcription. For more detailed infor on SGS1’s role in the cell go my second web site.

 

 


 

UNANNOTATED YEAST GENE YJU3

 

In the second web site, it was suggested that YJU3 may be a abhydrolase protein and a phospholipase protein.  In microarray experiments YJU3 is often clustered with genes that code for hydrolases, oxidoreductases, transport functions, and protein synthesis or modification.

 

Microarray Data

 

Figure 5 Genes that showed similar expression patterns to YJU3 during a diauxic shift

 

Orf

 

Gene

 

 

Process

 

Function

 

Component

YKL094W

 

YJU3

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

Not yet annotated

YBL050W

 

SEC17

 

 

Vesicular transport,activator**

 

not yet annotated

 

Not yet annotated

YOL032W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

Cellular_component unknown

YLR270W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YOR052C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YDR272W

 

GLO2

 

 

carbohydrate metabolism

 

Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase

 

cytoplasm

YLR216C

 

CPR6

 

 

protein folding

 

peptidylprolyl isomerase

 

cytoplasm

YGR130C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YNL274C

 

 

 

 

Oxidoreductase**

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YMR170C

 

ALD2

 

 

amino acid and derivative metabolism

 

aldehyde dehydrogenase

 

cytoplasm

YCL035C

 

GRX1

 

 

oxidative stress response

 

Glutaredoxin

 

Cellular_component unknown

YHR195W

 

NVJ1

 

 

not yet annotated

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YKL151C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YIL162W

 

SUC2

 

 

sucrose catabolism

 

beta-fructofuranosidase

 

not yet annotated

YLR093C

 

NYV1

 

 

non-selective vesicle fusion

 

v-SNARE

 

vacuolar membrane

YDR070C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YLL023C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YHR057C

 

CPR2

 

 

stress response

 

peptidylprolyl isomerase

 

Cellular_component unknown

YOL071W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YMR311C

 

GLC8

 

 

not yet annotated

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YMR173W

 

DDR48

 

 

DNA repair

 

molecular_function unknown

 

Cellular_component unknown

This table has been modified from its original version.

** indicate that the YPD gave a function for the corresponding gene that was not originally in the table.

Table taken from SGD Expression Connection data base at the the following link: http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=YJU3&noSearch=1

 

 

During the diauxic shift YJU3 expression was induced.  This suggests that YJU3 may be involved in cell stress since it is not induced until glucose is almost depleted.  YJU3 clustered with hydrolases involved in carbohoydrate metabolism, genes involved in vesicular transport, protein folding, and oxidoreductases involved in amino acid metabolism and cell stress.


Figure 6 Genes that showed similar expression patterns to YJU3 to added alapa factor over time

 

Orf

 

Gene

 

 

Process

 

Function

 

Component

YKL094W

 

YJU3

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YNL333W

 

SNZ2

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YIR032C

 

DAL3

 

 

not yet annotated

 

ureidoglycolate hydrolase

 

not yet annotated

YJL034W

 

KAR2

 

 

protein folding*

 

adenosinetriphosphatase*

 

endoplasmic reticulum lumen

YDL039C

 

PRM7

 

 

mating (sensu Saccharomyces)

 

molecular_function unknown

 

integral membrane protein

YJL059W

 

YHC3

 

 

Transporter**

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YDR011W

 

SNQ2

 

 

Hydrolase; active transporter**

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YFL033C

 

RIM15

 

 

Meiosis

 

protein kinase

 

not yet annotated

YLR030W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YMR160W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YNL320W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YCL004W

 

PGS1

 

 

not yet annotated

 

CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase

 

not yet annotated

YDL198C

 

YHM1

 

 

Transport

 

not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YHR045W

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YOR153W

 

PDR5

 

 

Hydrolase**

 

Transporter

 

not yet annotated

YOR273C

 

TPO4

 

 

Active transporter**

 

molecular_function unknown*

 

vacuolar membrane

YEL073C

 

 

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YPR015C

 

 

 

 

Polymerase II transcription factor**

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YMR062C

 

ECM40

 

 

cell wall organization and biogenesis*

 

amino acid N-acetyltransferase*

 

mitochondrial matrix

YLL001W

 

DNM1

 

 

mitochondrion organization and biogenesis

 

GTPase

 

mitochondrion

YGR201C

 

 

 

 

Protein synthesis; translation factor**

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

This table has been modified from its original version.

** indicate that the YPD gave a function for the corresponding gene that was not originally in the table.

Table taken from SGD Expression Connection data base at the the following link: http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=YJU3&noSearch=1

 

 

There appears to be no apparent change as alpha concentration increases.  YJU3 does cluster with hydrolases and transporters, and genes involved in protein synthesis.


Figure 7 Genes that showed similar expression patterns to YJU3 during sporulation

 

Orf

 

Gene

 

 

Process

 

Function

 

Component

YKL094W

 

YJU3

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YAL063C

 

FLO9

 

 

Flocculation

 

Not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YBL077W

 

 

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YBR255W

 

 

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YPR066W

 

UBA3

 

 

ubiquitin cycle

 

ubiquitin activating enzyme

 

cellular_component unknown

YFL013C

 

IES1

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YAL065C

 

 

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YLL039C

 

UBI4

 

 

stress response*

 

protein degradation tagging

 

cytoplasm

YMR280C

 

CAT8

 

 

Gluconeogenesis

 

transcription factor

 

not yet annotated

YKL032C

 

IXR1

 

 

Pol II transcription factor**

 

Transcription inhibitor or repressor**

 

not yet annotated

YOR184W

 

SER1

 

 

Not yet annotated

 

phosphoserine aminotransferase

 

not yet annotated

YIR014W

 

 

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YKL170W

 

MRPL38

 

 

protein biosynthesis

 

structural protein of ribosome

 

mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit

YML117W

 

 

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YBR024W

 

SCO2

 

 

copper ion transport

 

molecular_function unknown

 

mitochondrial membrane

YHR052W

 

CIC1

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

cellular_component unknown

YNR056C

 

BIO5

 

 

biotin biosynthesis

 

Not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

YBR006W

 

UGA2

 

 

oxidative stress response*

 

succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)

 

cellular_component unknown

YPR099C

 

 

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YKR035C

 

 

 

 

Biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

YDR435C

 

PPM1

 

 

protein modification

 

Not yet annotated

 

not yet annotated

This table has been modified from its original version.

** indicate that the YPD gave a function for the corresponding gene that was not originally in the table.

Table taken from SGD Expression Connection data base at the the following link: http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=YJU3&noSearch=1

 

The YJU3 gene is repressed during sporulation.  YJU3 has clustered with many genes of unknown function.  This may indicate that YJU3 plays a role in a pathway that is not very well understood yet.  YJU3 did cluster with CAT18 a gene involved in protein modification and gluconogenesis.


Figure 8 Genes that clustered with YJU3 during cell cycle experiments

 

Name

Score

Peak

YJU3

1.126

 

MSC3

1.038

 

IXR1

0.987

 

STB5

1.352

G2

YIR010W

2.42

G2

RSC4

1.279

 

TOF2

2.672

S

ELM1

3.08

G2

MET3

4.41

G2

 

 

 

 

Plot of YJU3 (YKL094W)

Figure taken by following links from the following SGD website: http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=YJU3&noSearch=1

 

YJU3 did have a high enough score to cluster with other genes involved in the cell cycle.  It seems that YJU3 is slightly induced and then repressed in the cdc15 and cdc 28 experiments.


Figure 9 YJU3 expression when subjected to damaging agents

 

 

Gene

 

 

Process

 

Function

 

Component

YKL094W

 

YJU3

 

 

biological_process unknown

 

molecular_function unknown

 

not yet annotated

Figure taken by following links from the following SGD website: http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=YJU3&noSearch=1

 

            YJU3 was induced in both wild type cells and mec1 mutants when subjected to radiation and heat shock.  YJU3 was not induced when subjected to MMS.  This again suggests that YJU3 is involved in cell stress responses.  However it does not seem to be regulated by the mec1 damage signaling pathway.


Environmental changes

YJU3 was induced when it was subjected to heat shock, to H202, and to diamide.  This suggests that it might be involved in stress coping mechanisms.  To view the figure of data for the expression of YJU3 during varying environmental conditions go to the following link: http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl?query=YJU3&noSearch=1


Putting it all together for YJU3

YJU3 seems to somehow be involved with the cell cycle.  YJU3 also clusters with hydrolases, transporters and genes involved in protein synthesis and modification.  YJU3 is induced when glusoce levels are low and YJU3 also clustered with CAT8 a transcriptional regulator of gluconogenesis.  Thus, perhaps YJU3 is involved in a metabolic pathway that operates under low glusoce conditions.  Furthermore, the data suggest that YJU3 is not just involved in glucose depletion stress response but also in other stress repsonse mechanisms.  YJU3 is induced when subjected to heat shock, radiation, H202, diamide, and MMS.  This would also explain why YJU3 often clustered with oxidoreductases and genes involved in cell stress mechanisms.


References

 

Frei, Christian and Susan M. Gasser. January 2000. The yeast Sgs1p helicase acts upstream of
    Rad53p in the DNA replication checkpoint and colocalizes with Rad53p in S-phase-specific
    foci. Genes and Dev. 14(1): 81-96.http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/14/1/81

 

McVey, M. , Kaeberlein, M. , Tissenbaum, H. A. & Guarente, L. 2001. The short life span of
    Saccharomyces servisiae sgs1 and srs2 mutants is a composite of normal aging processes and
    mitotic arrest due to defective recombination. Genetics 157: 1531-1542.
    http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/157/4/1531

 

SGD database. 2001.Stanford.

http://genome-www4.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/SGD/expression/expressionConnection.pl

 

Yamagata K, Kato J, Shimamoto A, Goto M, Furuichi Y, Ikeda H. July 1998. Bloom's and
    Werner's syndrome genes suppress hyperrecombination in yeast sgs1 mutant: implication for
    genomic instability in human diseases. PNAS (U S A) 95(15):8733-8.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/95/15/8733

 

YPD database. 2001. Proteome, Inc.
    http://www.proteome.com/databases/YPD/reports/YJU3.html

 

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